Making hate a crime

"In Making Hate a Crime, Valerie Jenness and Ryken Grattet show how the concept of hate crime emerged and evolved over time, as it traversed the arenas of American politics, legislatures, courts, and law enforcement. In the process, violence against people of color, immigrants, Jews, gays and lesbians, women, and persons with disabilities has come to be understood as hate crime, while violence against other vulnerable victims - octogenarians, union members, the elderly, and police officers, for example - has not. The authors reveal the crucial role social movements played in the early…